Comparing Oxygen Levels to Heart Rate Recovery and Peak Time

Comparing Oxygen Levels to Heart Rate Recovery and Peak Time Research Question How do different concentrations of oxygen provided to the respiratory system affect the heart rate and thus a subjects  athletic capabilities? Introduction Firstly, it is important to investigate how the bodys respiratory system functions. The lungs have two primary functions, releasing carbon dioxide from the body and integrating oxygen into the bloodstream 3. The lungs never reach peak capacity and are not responsible for the limitation in oxygen delivered to the muscles 1. This is important because, in the case of this experiment the limitations may be reached. There is always approximately the same amount of oxygen in the air in relation to everything else: 21%. However  as altitude increases there is less air pressure and thus less oxygen available to the lungs per diaphragm contraction cycle. Instead of changing the barometric pressure, there will simply be less or more oxygen in the air, in this experiment. This may cause an abnormal result as the body responds differently to drastically altered conditions. When the oxygen content of the air is drastically reduced, the blood will most likely be significantly less saturated and when the oxygen content of the air is drastically increased the blood should be more saturated with oxygen 2. It is then necessary to investigate how this might affect the cardiac system. The amount of oxygen that is available to the cells while they are producing ATP  to drive the body is important, because if there is not enough oxygen available for aerobic respiration, than  anaerobic respiration will take place. Anaerobic respiration will produce lactate and carbon dioxide. The lactate (lactic acid), triggers a response from the sympathetic nervous system1, 2. The noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system produces norepinephrine. The SA node (sinoatrial node), stimulated by the norepinephrine hormone increases both the rate that the heart beats and the degree to which the heart completes a systolic contraction 1,2. In addition to the sympathetic nervous system, the medulla senses the increase of carbon dioxide in the blood due to anaerobic respiration. The medulla then sends an electrical signal through the cardiac nerve to the SA node2. A live O2 machine will be used in order to carry out this experiment. It produces and stores 15% oxygen and 95% oxygen separately. These will be the two concentrations of oxygen that will be used to compare the times it takes for heart rates to peak and then recover. The independant  variable is the concentration of Oxygen. The dependant  variable is the time it takes for the subject to peak and the time it takes for the subject to recover. The experiment will be controlled by regulating the speed at which the treadmill is set to. Since the point of this experiment is to compare differences  the difference in the individuals athletic ability should not make a difference in the data. Materials Live O2 Machine Oxygen mask Treadmill Heart rate/oxygen saturation monitor Clorox and paper towels Timer Experimental Overview The Live O2 machine which will be used to create, store and deliver the two different concentrations of oxygen is comprised of an oxygen machine, storage bag with two compartments, a delivery system with a mask and a switch to change which concentration of oxygen is being delivered. The picture above, depicting the live  O2 system is the one that was used, except a treadmill was used  instead of a stationary bike as is depicted. The test subjects heart rate peak times and recovery times were first tested with the increased level of oxygen, they were then given a period of rest while another subject ran on the treadmill. Then, after the period of rest the subject would run on the treadmill again and their peak and recovery times would be measured with the restricted levels of oxygen. The threshold for the heart rate peaking was 140 bpm. The threshold for recovered was when the heart rate of the subject was within 10 of their original resting heart rate. For example, if the test subjects resting heart rate was 65 bpm, they would be considered recovered when their heart rate dropped back below 75. Procedure Step 1 First 8  willing people were found, who were athletically fit enough that there would not be any damage to their body through the testing. Then the 8  people were instructed not to drink any sort of caffeine or any other stimulant before the experiment. The mask of the live  O2 machine was cleaned with clorox  and the oxygen machine was turned on to fill up the two individual bags. Step 2 Then the resting heart rate of the subject was taken with the heart rate monitor. Ten was added to the resting number to determine the threshold that the heart rate must reach during recovery to determine whether or not the subject has recovered. The heart rate monitor was left on the subjects  finger to monitor their heart rate, Then  the oxygen was set to the 95% setting and the treadmill was set to 5 miles per hour. Then, once the subject was at 5 miles per hour the timer was started and the subject was instructed  to hold the mask to their face. The timer was stopped once the subjects heart rate reached 140 bpm. Then the treadmill was stopped and the subject was instructed to keep the mask on. Then the time it took for their heart rate to return to the predetermined resting rate was measured. Step 3 The first subject was then given rest while subject 2 performed step 2. Once subject 2 was done with step 2, subject 1 repeated step 2 with 15% oxygen instead of 95% oxygen followed again by subject 2. The mask was cleaned with clorox  between each subject. Step 4 Steps 1-3 were repeated with the remained of the test subjects and the data was recorded in a table within the lab book. Safety considerations Since this lab works with the human body and measuring its responses to what could be considered  strenuous situations, there must be precautions taken. Firstly, all of the subjects that were tested, were either in good or exceptional physical condition and had no preexisting health complications that would endanger them during the experiment. To further ensure that there was no physical harm done to the subjects, the subjects saturation was constantly monitored with the heart rate/oxygen saturation monitor. If at any point during the 15% oxygen test the saturation dipped too low (below 85% saturation) and remained there for more than a couple seconds then the 95% oxygen would immediately been switched on and that round of testing would be terminated and the subject time to rest. The mask that was being used was also constantly cleaned with clorox  to prevent the spreading of germs. Analysis Qualitative variables The two main variables that may have affected the data were: the heart rate monitor and the oxygen mask. The fact that the subject had to hold the monitor on their finger and the mask while running made the heart rate monitor slightly inaccurate and sometimes would simply not take readings. It only worked when the subject was holding onto it and this disrupted their normal running patterns. Some subjects also had trouble holding the mask to their face with enough force to hold a seal while running. This may have let some of the natural air into the mask. Holding the mask also inhibited the subjects natural running pattern. The fact that the subjects natural running pattern was inhibited made it harder for them to keep a normal running pace even with the treadmill set at a constant 5 miles per hour. Having to control all of these things at once may have also added to the strain on the subjects body, which could have affected the results. Then finally, there is also the fact that every one that was being tested was different in their biological makeup and therefore will respond slightly differently to the two concentrations of oxygen. Data Complete Peak and Recovery times (in seconds) run: 95% Oxygen Peak times (s) 95% Oxygen Recovery time (s) 15% Oxygen Peak times (s) 15% Oxygen Recovery time (s) 1 187 45 62 185 2 180 56 52 102 3 200 64 40 188 4 181 69 39 73 5 153 71 36 123 6 108 52 60 201 7 181 21 56 133 8 144 61 27 177 This table displays each run and the times in seconds associated with it. The runs where the higher concentration of oxygen (95%) was used are displayed first, on the left. The runs where the lower concentration of oxygen (15%) was used are displayed second, on the right. The peak times (the time it takes for the subjects heart rate to reach 140 bpm from resting) are displayed in the 2nd and 4th column and the recovery times (the time it takes for a subjects heart rate to go from 140 bpm back to within 10 of resting) are displayed in the 3rd and 5th column. This bar graph displays the average recovery times and peak times for the two different levels of oxygen concentration. The recovery times are listed at the top and the peak times are listed at the bottom. Average Difference in Peak and Recovery time in seconds Peak time (s) Recovery time (s) Difference 120.25 92.875 This table displays the difference between the average peak time of the 95% and 15% oxygen concentration. As well as the difference between the average recovery time of the 95% oxygen and the 15% oxygen concentrations. Evaluation Conclusion of results There is a clear difference between the times for the two different concentration of oxygen. When the subject was administered 95% oxygen their peak times took an average of 166.75 seconds, while when the average peak time when only 15% oxygen concentration was administered was 46.5 seconds. This is a difference of 120.25 seconds, so clearly when a subject is administered more oxygen it provides more oxygen for the system, this allows the body to stay out of anaerobic respiration longer and thus allows the heart to beat slower for a greater amount of time. The difference seen in recovery times was also significant. On average, with the higher 95% oxygen concentration the subjects recovered around 54.875 seconds. However when the subjects were administered the lower concentration of oxygen the recovery times took much longer, averaging out at 147.75 seconds. The difference was 92.875 seconds. This occurred because when the body was already deprived of oxygen and the saturation was low there was a large amount of carbon dioxide and lactic acid build up from anaerobic respiration. Then, after the subject stopped running, the low oxygen concentration most likely caused the subjects to stay in anaerobic respiration as the body tried to oxygenate the tissue. With the higher concentration of oxygen, the subjects body was able to quickly oxygenate the tissue and return the body to complete or near complete aerobic respiration. This would have stopped the build up of lactic acid and carbon dioxide and allowed the body to flush the two out of it s system. Once the lactic acid and carbon dioxide has either been absorbed or in the case of carbon dioxide, exited the lungs, the heart rate would return to resting. Therefore, the results matched what should have happened according to previous scientific research, outlined in the introduction. How the lab could be improved and extended The first thing that would be helpful would be to use a more accurate heart rate monitor. Most likely the best solution would be a heart rate monitor that could be taped to the finger being used in unison with a chest heart rate monitor. Using both of these simultaneously would ensure the best and most consistent results. In addition it would remove the responsibility from the subject of holding onto the heart rate monitor. Another issues that could be easily solved is the oxygen mask. The straps that were provided with the mask fell off very easily during running. As a result   the subjects had to hold the mask to their face as they ran. This hindered their ability to run smoothly and did not guarantee a complete seal around the face. Next time a full head cap could be used to ensure that a seal was maintained and would allow the subject to run normally. To further extend this experiment saturation rates could also be compared to heart rate and oxygen concentration. When the subjects were performing the test their saturation rates were monitored for safety reasons but not recorded. If the saturation rates could be recorded throughout the test at specific points along with the heart rate it would be interesting to look into how the saturation rates are correlated with the heart when very low and very high concentrations of oxygen are being administered to the subject. Works Cited Burton, Deborah Anne, FRCA, Keith Stokes, BSc PhD, and George M. Hall, MBBS PhD DSc FRCA. Physiological Effects of Exercise. Continuing Education in Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain. Oxford Journals, n.d. Web. 10 May 2016. Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Higher Level Biology. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. How Your Lungs Work. How Your Lungs Work. Cleveland Clinic, 13 Oct. 2010. Web. 13 May 2016. Appendix Release forms: I, Jonas Kaare-Rasmussen understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing, could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Jonas Kaare-Rasmussen I, Jack Larsen understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Jack Larsen I, Danielle Zimber understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Danielle Zimber I, Hailey Zimber understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health complications. Electronically signed by: Hailey Zimber I, Alex Kellam understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Alex Kellam I, Taso Warsa understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Taso Warsa I, Ben Voter understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Ben Voter I, Alex Alsop understand that the experiment I am involved in and the tasks that I am performing could be dangerous for my health. I assume all liability for my actions and understand that slight Oxygen deprivation may cause health problems. Electronically signed by: Alex Alsop

European Settlements and the Decline of Indian Power in America Essay

European Settlements and the Decline of Indian Power in America What today is the state of Virginia used to be Native American lands. The Indians claim that God had given them the right to own and settle those lands. The problem as we have seen in class is the Europeans such as the Spanish and English came and took over the Native American land in the name of the King and /or Queen. They invaded their territory, and destroyed their culture, all in the name of conquest. What I intend to show is how these problems developed for the English from the years of 1607 to 1644. Kirkpatrick Sale in his book Conquest of Paradise says that the English were just carrying out the Columbian legacy with the same brutality toward the Native American population. The main goal of the English as well as the Spanish was to settle large chunks of land and have military control over a backward (as they saw it) society. By 1610 the enemy for the English was the natives, or as they called them savages, and their mission was to take them prisioner and make them slaves. It even says in the charter granted to the colonists in 1607. "Which may by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the glory of his divine majesty, in propagfting of the Christian religon to such people as yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of all true knowledge and worship of God and may in time bring the infidels and savages living in those parts to human civility and to settled and quiet government (Warner 38). Plus if the natives became hostile they felt that it w as their right to ta ke their corn while in return giving them useless things of no pratical value, such as beads, compasses, and looking glasses. The English felt that in time the Indians would com... ...t I want or I will slaughter your population and take you prisioner. Plus the Indians were on English land when it really was their inherited land from their ancestors. It was like what Columbus did on Hispanola; he took over native lands and did what he wanted with the Indian tribes, steling their land putting them in slavery and having them recognize the Spanish as superior people. It was a battle between the Indians and the colonizers and as we can see the colonlists won. It really was a clash of cultures with the latter winning. Bibliography Campell, Charles. History Of The Colony And Acient Domion of Virginia. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott and Co. 1860. Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. New York 1991 Warner, Charles D. Captain John Smith 1579 - 1631 New York, Harvey Holt and Company. 1881

Descartes vs Locke Essay

Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing. † Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene Descartes, a rationalist, and John Locke, an empiricist, were prime examples of epistemologists who were seen to differentiate greatly within each of their philosophies. However, although Descartes and Locke’s ideas did contrast in that sense, they both shared common concepts that helped mould the basis of their ideas. Descartes and Locke both agreed that there were things in life that exist that we can be certain of. For Descartes, human experiences did not provide sufficient proof of existence. He indicated that through his Dream Conjecture and his Evil-Demon Theory (Paquette 205). Descartes stated that we cannot be certain if reality is a dream or not, thus questioning our existence (Paquette 205). In his Evil-Demon Theory, Descartes claimed that for all he knew, an evil demon could be putting thoughts into his head, making him think that reality was true when it was in fact false (Paquette 205). Ultimately, all this thinking resulted in Descartes coming to the conclusion that the one thing we could be sure of existing is the mind (Newman 2010). This can be seen through his most famous quote, â€Å"I think therefore I am (Kaplan 2008). † Descartes claimed that since he was able to doubt and think using his mind, his mind must exist (Paquette 205). Similarly, Locke was also sure of existence. He believed that every object was made up of primary qualities as well as secondary qualities (Paquette 212). Secondary qualities rely on how a person senses the object subjectively, and is experienced differently depending on the individual (Paquette 212). Examples of secondary qualities include colour, taste, and sound (Paquette 212). Primary qualities, however, are objective and include aspects such as an object’s height and weight (Paquette 212). Through this, Locke claimed that the existence of objects can be made certain due to the primary qualities it possesses (Paquette 212). Similar to Descartes, Locke believed in a sense of existence. However, in his view, the facts from the primary qualities proved the object exists because the object exists within itself (Paquette 212). Descartes and Locke also believed in some sense of the external world. Descartes claimed that there is in fact an external world, however it does not exist outside people’s minds (Paquette 206). Since Descartes was a rationalist, he believed that the only method to acquire true knowledge was solely through the mind (Moore 2002). Through the process of doubting existence, Descartes realized that the mind exists (Paquette 205). He went further into thought and concluded that since he, an imperfect person, has knowledge of perfection, something perfect has to exist to have put that knowledge in his mind. From there he claimed the existence of God (Newman 2010). Descartes then stated that a perfect god would not deceive his people, indicating that the material world exists (Newman 2010). Therefore through this thinking process, Descartes came to the conclusion that the real world is of the mind, and the external world is everything else that falls into the material world made by god (Newman 2010). Like Descartes, Locke also believed in an external world. As an empiricist, Locke relied heavily on the senses to provide true knowledge (Moore 2002). He shared Aristotle’s belief that the mind is a blank slate, also known as tabula rasa, at birth (Paquette 211). Our sense experiences thereafter provide us with knowledge to fill in those slates (Paquette 211). In Locke’s â€Å"Representative Theory of Perception,† also known as Epistemological Dualism, he stated that material objects exist and are separate entities from human beings (Paquette 227). However, he also believed that objects exist in the mind as psychological entities (Paquette 227). Locke concluded that people can taste, smell, touch, and see the external world which, in turn, becomes impressions in our minds (Paquette 227). Descartes and Locke are thus seen to be similar in the sense that they both believed in an external world. Descartes and Locke both had a process for understanding knowledge as well. As a rationalist, Descartes believed in innate ideas; that all humans were born with some knowledge (Paquette 206). This differentiates from the empirical view that the mind is a blank slate at birth (Paquette 211). Descartes also used intuition and deduction to establish truth (Kaplan 2008). He believed that intuition is direct knowledge which can be known without ever sensing or experiencing it (Paquette 206). Deduction however, is where you start with a premise, or a statement you believe to be true, and then determine more truths based on that origin (Paquette 206). As shown, Descartes focused on the thinker and the thinking process when determining true knowledge (Paquette 206). Rather than a thinking process, Locke believed that understanding knowledge came from a process based on our senses (Paquette 211). He believed that when the external world triggers any of our five senses, those experiences turn into sensations (Paquette 211). Those sensations then turn into impressions in our mind, thus adding knowledge onto the slate in our mind which was once blank (Paquette 211). He claimed that our mind reflects on the impressions we received from our sensations (Paquette 211). Locke then stated that those reflections turn into an idea which can be either simple, or made up of a bundle of simple ideas called complex ideas (Paquette 211). Like Descartes, Locke is seen to use a process for finding knowledge as well. There are many aspects to Rene Descartes and John Locke’s philosophies that are clearly distinct from one another. However, it is essentially incorrect to claim that rationalist Descartes and empiricist Locke bear no similarities. The two epistemologists are seen to share a similar base within each of their philosophical ideas. Through the many differences between Descartes and Locke, their basic concepts of existence, the external world, and the process for obtaining knowledge are quite similar to each other. This connexion illustrates that although the ideologies people possess on life vary to a great extent, there can always be some sense of a common ground that brings us all together. Works Cited Kaplan, R. Philosophy – In our time. BBC – Homepage. BBC News. , 2008. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Newman, L. Descartes’ epistemology.

Bank Al Habib - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4412 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Executive Summary This write-up contains a review of the financial statements of four different banks across the globe. The basic purpose of this report is to link the information we obtain from books and lectures and class learning with the real practical world. The information in this write up is from the annual reports of the companies. The content of this write-up includes: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bank Al Habib" essay for you Create order History of the companies Basic Financial Statements Financial Assets Plant Intangible Assets Liabilities Statement of Cash flows Selected Companies BANK AL HABIB * Stock Exchange: o It is located on Karachi Stock Exchange. * Industry products: o It is included in Consumer Commercial Banking sector. And the products and services offered by the company are: Consumer banking: * Auto Loan * Home loan * Home buying * Home construction * Home Improvement Services: * Online Banking * Safe deposit lockers * ATM cards * Debit cards * Telebanking * E-funds transfer * Remittances * Life Insurance Investment: * Young saver account * PLS saving account * Maximize your profit * Income every month * Super saving account * Mahana Munafa account Agriculture loan Islamic Banking * Deposit schemes * Islamic financing Commercial Banking Home remittances * Incorporation: o It was incorporated in Karachi, on 15 October, 1991. * Parent Company: o DAWOOD HABIB GROUP, which is the sponsor of Bank AL Habib Limited, has a very long track record of banking which dates back to 1920s. They were among the founder members of Habib Bank Limitedwhich played a major role in meeting the financial and banking needs of Pakistan, and which was nationalized along with other Banks in Pakistan on December 31, 1973. Under the privatization policy of Government of Pakistan, the DAWOOD HABIB GROUP was granted permission to set up a commercial bank. Bank AL Habib was incorporated as a Public Limited Company in October 1991 and started banking operations in 1992. * Office address: o Head Office 126-C, Old Bahawalpur Road Multan Pakistan * Financial year: o The financial year of the company ends at December of that particular year. o So it closes adjusts its accounts at the end of December. * Financial Statement Principle used: o IAS ICICI * Stock Exchange: o It is located on Bombay Stock Exchange. * Industry products: o It is included in Personal, NRI and Business Banking sector. And the products and services offered by the company are: Personal banking: * Deposits * Loans * Cards * Investments * Insurance * Demat services * Online services * Wealth management NRI banking: * Money transfer * Bank accounts * Investments * Property solutions * Insurance * Loans Business Banking: * Corporate net banking * Cash Management * Trade services * FXonline * SME services * Online Taxes * Incorporation: o It was incorporated in Mumbai, in 1994. * Parent Company: o In1955, The World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of Indian industry formed ICICI Limited as a development finance institution to provide medium-term and long-term project financing to Indian businesses. ICICI was not a bank it could not take retail deposits and nor was it required to comply with Indian banking requirements for liquid reserves. ICICI borrowed funds from many multilateral agencies (such as the World Bank), often at concessional rates. It used these to make large corporate loans. o In, 1994 ICICI established Banking Corporation as a banking subsidiary, formerly Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India. Later, ICICI Banking Corporation was renamed as ICICI Bank Limited. ICICI founded a separate legal entity, ICICI Bank, to undertake normal banking operations taking deposits, credit cards, car loans etc. * Office address: o Landmark, Race Course Circle, Vadodara 390 007, Gujrat, India. * Financial year: o The financial year of the company ends at March. o So it closes adjusts its accounts at the end of March. * Financial Statement Principle used: o GAAP Bank of America * Stock Exchange: o It is located on New York Stock Exchange. * Industry products: o It is included in Personal Corporate Banking sector. And the products and services offered by the company are: Online services Checking savings Cards Insurance Specialized Banking Business banking Home buying, loans lines of credit Retirement Investments Wealth management Vehicle other loans International banking * Incorporation: o It was incorporated in 1929, in California. * Parent Company: o The Bank of Italy was founded in San Francisco in 1904. o In the late 1920s, President and founder of Bank of America, Los Angeles and Bank of Italy talked about a merger between the two entities. The Los Angeles based bank had exhibited strong growth throughout the 1920s, due in part to its success in developing an advanced branch banking system. The merger was completed in early 1929 and took the name Bank of America. * Office address: o 100 North Tryon Street Charlotte, North Carolina 28263 * Financial year: o The financial year of the company ends at December. o So it closes adjusts its accounts at the end of December. * Financial Statement Principle used: o GAAP HSBC * Stock Exchange: o It is located on London Stock Exchange. * Industry products: o It is included in Personal Corporate Banking sector. And the products and services offered by the company are: HSBC plus HSBC Premier Savings Investments Credit Cards Loans Mortgages Insurance International services * Incorporation: o It was incorporated in 1865, in Hong Kong. * Parent Company: o The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between China and Europe. * Office address: o 8 Canada Square, London E14 5HQ * Financial year: o The financial year of the company ends at December. o So it closes adjusts its accounts at the end of December. * Financial Statement Principle used: o IFRS BANK AL HABIB * Presentation Format o IAS * Observation on Assets: o Total assets on 31st December, 2006: Rs. 1,14,99,80,37 o Total assets on 31st December, 2007: Rs. 1,41,23,42,74 o It shows that Bank Al Habib has an increase in Assets by Rs. 26236237 in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Investments. * Observation on Liabilities: o Total Liabilities on 31st December, 2006: Rs. 1,08,47,56,45 o Total Liabilities on 31st December, 2007: Rs. 1,32,90,89,56 o It shows that Bank Al Habib has an increase in Liabilities by Rs. 24433311 in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Deposits. * Observation on Equity: o Total Equity on 31st December, 2006: Rs. 6,52,23,92 o Total Equity on 31st December, 2007: Rs. 8,32,53,18 o It shows that Bank Al Habib has an increase in Equity by Rs. 1802926 in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Reserves. * Revenue: o Rs. 6,21,86,73 * Expense: o Rs. 3,16,64,46 * Net Income: o Rs. 2,21,13,33 * Statement of Cash Flows: o Net cash flows from operating activities: Rs. 20,066,569 o Net cash flows from investing activities: Rs. 16,244,589 o Net cash flows from financing activities: Rs. (30,071) ICICI * Presentation Format o GAAP * Observation on Assets: o Total assets on 31st March, 2007: Rs. 3446.58 billion o Total assets on 31st March, 2008: Rs. 3997.95 billion o It shows that ICICI has an increase in Assets by 16% in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Investments advances. * Observation on Liabilities: o Total Liabilities on 31st March, 2007: Rs. 894.84 billion o Total Liabilities on 31st March, 2008: Rs. 1085.43 billion o It shows that ICICI has an increase in Liabilities by 17% in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Borrowings. * Observation on Equity: o Total Equity on 31st March, 2007: Rs. 2551734507 o Total Equity on 31st March, 2008: Rs. 2912512597 o It shows that ICICI has an increase in Equity by 12.3% in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Reserves. * Revenue: o Rs. 395991 billion * Expense: o Rs. 354413 billion * Net Income: o Rs. 51560 billion * Statement of Cash Flows: o Net cash flows from operating activities: Rs. 116,311,534 o Net cash flows from investing activities: Rs. 175, 611, 149 o Net cash flows from financing activities: Rs. 299,648,227 Bank of America * Presentation Format o GAAP * Observation on Assets: o Total assets on 31st December, 2006: $ 1459737 million o Total assets on 31st December, 2007: $ 1715746 million o It shows that Bank of America has an increase in Assets by $ 256009 million in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Loans Leases. * Observation on Liabilities: o Total Liabilities on 31st December, 2006: $ 1324465 million o Total Liabilities on 31st December, 2007: $ 1568943 million o It shows that Bank of America has an increase in Liabilities by $ 244478 million in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Long term debt. * Observation on Equity: o Total Equity on 31st December, 2006: $ 135272 million o Total Equity on 31st December, 2007: $ 146803 million o It shows that Bank Al Habib has an increase in Equity by $ 11531 million in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in retained earnings. * Revenue: o $ 119.19 Billion * Expense: o $ 104.21 Billion * Net Income: o $ 14.98 Billion * Statement of Cash Flows: o Net cash flows from operating activities: $ 11,036 o Net cash flows from investing activities: $108,430 o Net cash flows from financing activities: $ 103,412 HSBC * Presentation Format o IFRS * Observation on Assets: o Total assets on 31st December, 2006: m 440760 o Total assets on 31st December, 2007: m 622280 o It shows that HSBC has an increase in Assets by m 181520 in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Trading Assets of the company. * Observation on Liabilities: o Total Liabilities on 31st December, 2006: m 419822 o Total Liabilities on 31st December, 2007: m 597281 o It shows that HSBC has an increase in Liabilities by m 177459 in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in Trading Liabilities. * Observation on Equity: o Total Equity on 31st December, 2006: m 20938 o Total Equity on 31st December, 2007: m 24999 o It shows that HSBC has an increase in Equity by m 4061 in one year. o This increase is mainly due to increase in reserves. * Revenue: o US$ 146.50 billion * Expense: o US$ 127.4 billion * Net Income: o US$ 19.1 billion * Statement of Cash Flows: o Net cash flows from operating activities: m 30,330 o Net cash flows from investing activities: m 28,342 o Net cash flows from financing activities: m 134 BANK AL HABIB Accounts Receivable: * Murabaha receivable: 1,007,878,000 * Receivable from Benefit plan: 33,772,000 * Certificates of Investment : 300,000 * Repurchase agreement lendings (Reverse Repo) 3,812,429 * Total: 4,112,429 Note Receivable: * Receivable from SBP / Government of Pakistan: 5,675,000 * Lease rentals receivable: o Not later than one year: 200,632,000 o Later than one year but less than 5 years: 512,845,000 o Total: 713,477,000 ICICI Account Receivable: * Securitization, finance lease and hire purchase receivables: 105,551,409 * Receivables from : o Subsidiaries 3,351.7 o Associates/joint ventures/other related entities: 52.5 o Total: 3,404.2 Note Receivable: * Maturity buckets Loans their amounts: 1 to 14 days 299.9 15 to 28 days 857.4 29 days to 3 months 107.3 3 to 6 months 415.2 6 months to 1 year 207.4 1 to 3 years 243.4 3 to 5 years 808.1 Above 5 years 222.1 Bank of America Account Receivable: Receivables from subsidiaries: Bank holding companies and related subsidiaries 30,032 Nonbank companies and related subsidiaries 33,637 Note Receivable: Loans given: (includes $4,590 measured at fair value at December 31, 2007 and $115,285 and $24,632 pledged as collateral): 876,344 Interest: 14% per annum HSBC Account Receivable: Financial assets designated at fair value: 14,969 Loans and advances to banks: 60,764 Loans and advances to customers: 227,687 Receivables from non-current asset held for sale: 2 m Note Receivable: Finance Lease Receivables: Total future minimum payments m Unearned finance income m Present value m Lease receivables: no later than one year 729 (141) 588 later than one year and no later than five years 2,222 (493) 1,729 later than five years 3,502 (1,146) 2,356 6,453 (1.780) 4,673 Operating Lease Receivables: Equipment m Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases expiring: no later than one year 237 later than one year and no later than five years 670 later than five years 199 1,106 Interest: 13% per annum BANK AL HABIB Plant Assets Depreciation Cost/Revalued Amount Depreciation As at 1Jan,07 Additions/ (Deletions)/ Adjustments As at 31Dec,07 As at 1Jan,07 Additions/ (Deletions)/ Adjustments As at 31Dec,07 Book Value Rate of Depreciation % Rupees in 000 Owned Leasehold land 927,994 807,132 1,735,126 1,735,126 Buildings on leasehold land 1,733,661 689,148 2,408,706 121,957 80,923 201,130 2,207,576 2.00-6.67 Improvements to leasehold buildings 102,050 81,476 178,434 5,315 7,115 12,165 166,269 5 Furniture and fixtures 192,042 44,791 226,314 59,306 20,289 75,809 150,505 10 Vehicles 6,300 19,977 25,517 1,891 1,596 2,994 22,523 20 3,030,705 1,760,075 4,847,894 241,362 128,215 417,962 4,429,93 Disposal: Particulars Cost Book Value Sale Price Mode of Disposal Particulars of purchaser (Rupees in 000) Furniture and Fixtures 2,507 925 373 Auction Karachi Auction Mart, 7/C,Mai Kolachi Road, Karachi. Gain on disposal of operating fixed assets: 20,453 Intangible Assets: On balance sheet: Intangible Asset: 16490(2007) 8805(2006) Amortization: Cost Amortization As at 1Jan,07 Additions As at 31Dec,07 As at 1Jan,07 Charge As at 31Dec,07 Book Value Rate of Amortization % Rupees in 000 Computer software 69,069 22,193 91,262 60,264 14,508 74,772 16,490 50 ICICI Plant Assets Depreciation: 1) Building At cost as on March 31 of preceding year 20,496,202 Additions during the year 2,719,704 Deductions during the year (272,987) Depreciation to date (3,326,017) Net block 19,616,902 2) Furnitures, Fixtures Other Assets: At cost as on March 31 of preceding year 24,352,894 Additions during the year 5,588,730 Deductions during the year (603,577) Depreciation to date (15,836,691) Net block 13,501,356 3) Assets given on lease: At cost as on March 31 of preceding year 18,136,532 Additions during the year Deductions during the year (57,460) Depreciation to date, accumulated lease adjustment and provisions (10,108,355) Net block 7,970,717 Total Plant Assets 41,088,975 Depreciation Rate of Plant Assets: Asset Depreciation Rate Premises owned by the Bank 1.63% Improvements to leasehold premises 1.63% or over the lease period, whichever is higher ATMs 12.50% Plant and machinery like air conditioners, photo-copying machines, etc. 10.00% Computers 33.33% Card acceptance devices 12.50% Furniture and fixtures 15.00% Motor vehicles 20.00% Others (including Software and system development expenses) 25.00% Intangible Assets Amortization: Intangible asset includes Software acquired by the bank. The movement in software as on March 31, 2008 is given below: At cost as on March 31st of preceding year 3,216.4 Additions during the year 1,235.4 Deductions during the year. (3.0) AMORTIZATION to date (2,847.4) Net block 1,601.4 Bank of America Plant Asset Depreciation: Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated lives range up to 40 years for buildings, up to 12 years for furniture and equipment, and the shorter of lease term or estimated useful life for leasehold improvements. Premises Equipment 12408 Less: Accumulated Depreciation (1168) Premises Equipment: Net 11240 Intangible Asset Amortization: At December 31, 2007, intangible assets included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet consist of purchased credit card relationship intangibles, core deposit intangibles, affinity relationships, and other intangibles that are amortized on an accelerated or straight-line basis over anticipated periods of benefit of up to 15 years. Intangible Asset 11972 Less: Amortization (1676) Intangible Asset: Net 10296 HSBC Plant Asset Depreciation: Freehold land and Buildings m Long leasehold land and buildings m Short leasehold land and buildings m Equipment, fixtures and fittings m Equipment on operating leases m Total m Cost or fair value At 1 January 2007 966 362 275 2657 3004 7264 Additions at cost 104 3 84 321 66 578 Acquisition of subsidiaries 49 1 50 Fair value adjustments 13 13 Disposals (257) (320) (12) (135) (65) (789) Transfers 4 (1) 3 Exchange translation differences 55 4 69 128 Other changes (6) 2 (9) (13) At 31 December 2007 924 45 357 2903 3005 7234 Accumulated Depreciation At 1 January 2007 (97) (27) (150) (1656) (926) (2856) Depreciation charge for the year (22) (3) (22) (281) (100) (428) Disposals 48 15 8 76 58 205 Transfers (2) (2) Impairment losses recognized Impairment losses reversed 6 6 Exchange translation differences (4) (2) (39) (45) Other changes (6) (1) 12 5 At 31 December 2007 (75) (15) (169) (1888) (968) (3115) Net book value at 31 December 2007 849 30 188 1015 2037 4119 Intangible Asset Amortization: Trade Names m Internally generated software m Purchased Software m Customer Relationships m Other m Total m Cost At 1 January 2007 13 675 58 244 17 1007 Additions 103 15 4 122 Disposals (2) (2) Exchange translation differences 2 9 7 69 128 Other changes 1 (40) (10) (49) At 31 December 2007 15 788 78 204 12 1097 Accumulated Amortization At 1 January 2007 (5) (441) (38) (73) (1) (588) Amortization charge for the year (1) (75) (12) (19) (1) (108) Impairment charge for the year (1) (1) Disposals 3 3 Exchange translation differences (1) (9) (4) (14) Other changes 40 40 At 31 December 2007 (7) (526) (51) (52) (2) (638) Net book value at 31 December 2007 8 262 27 152 10 459 BANK AL HABIB Current Liabilities: Bills payable 2,394,482 Borrowings 9,826,525 Deposits and other accounts 114,818,855 Sub-ordinated loans 2,848,080 Liabilities against assets subject to finance lease 642,369 Deferred tax liabilities 559,646 Mark-up / return / interest payable in local currency 520,700 Mark-up / return / interest payable in foreign currencies 101,408 Accrued expenses 56,056 Advance payments 128,751 Taxation (Provision less payments) 43,951 Unclaimed dividends 18,569 Special exporters accounts in foreign currencies 37,046 Unearned income 10,299 Others 424,699 Long Term Liabilities: Borrowing from SBP under Long term financing for export Orientated Projects: 1,452,489 Leasing: Leases where the Bank assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Assets subject to finance lease are accounted for by recording the assets and related liability. These are stated at lower of fair value and the present value of minimum lease payments at the inception of lease less accumulated depreciation. Financial charges are allocated over the period of lease term so as to provide a constant periodic rate of financial charge on the outstanding liability. Depreciation is charged on the basis similar to the owned assets. Adjustment for Financial charges on leased assets: 85,613 Payments of lease obligations: (404,847) Net investment in finance lease In Pakistan: 639, 85 Cost/Revalued Amount Depreciation As at 1Jan,07 Additions/ (Deletions)/ Adjustments As at 31Dec,07 As at 1Jan,07 Additions/ (Deletions)/ Adjustments As at 31Dec,07 Book Value Rate of Depreciation % Rupees in 000 Owned Leasehold land 927,994 807,132 1,735,126 1,735,126 Buildings on leasehold land 1,733,661 689,148 2,408,706 121,957 80,923 201,130 2,207,576 2.00-6.67 Improvements to leasehold buildings 102,050 81,476 178,434 5,315 7,115 12,165 166,269 5 ICICI Current Liabilities: I. Bills payable 29,007,972 II. Inter-office adjustments (net) 4,293,542 III. Interest accrued 25,968,705 IV. Unsecured redeemable / perpetual debentures / bonds [Subordinated debt included in Tier I and Tier II Capital] 207,501,787 V. Others a) Security deposits from clients 15,197,638 b) Sundry creditors 74,101,312 c) Received for disbursements under special program 2,034,281 d) Provision for standard assets 14,550,250 e) Other liabilities 56,298,340 Long-Term Liabilities: Borrowings in India: 109,832,187 Borrowings outside India: 546,652,151 Leasing: Lease income decreased by 8.8% to Rs. 2.17 billion in fiscal 2008 from Rs. 2.38 billion in fiscal 2007 primarily due to decrease in leased assets to Rs. 7.97 billion at year-end fiscal 2008 compared to Rs. 10.03 billion at year-end fiscal 2007, since the Bank is not entering into new lease transactions. * Lease Income during 2008: 2.17 billion * Lease depreciation, net of lease equalization: 1.82 * Fixed Leased assets: 41.09 billion * Assets given on Lease: At cost as on March 31 of preceding year 18,136,532 Deductions during the year (57,460) Depreciation to date, accumulated lease adjustment and provisions (10,108,355) Net block 7,970,717 Bank of America Current Liabilities: Deposits in domestic offices: Noninterest-bearing 188,466 Interest-bearing 501,882 Deposits in foreign offices: Noninterest-bearing 3,761 Interest-bearing 111,068 Total deposits 805,177 Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 221,435 Trading account liabilities 77,342 Derivative liabilities 22,423 Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings 191,089 Accrued expenses and other liabilities (includes $660 measured at fair value at December 31, 53,969 Long-Term Liabilities: Long-term debt: 197,508 Leasing: Leased Assets: 876,344 Allowance for leased assets: (11,588) Leased Assets, net of allowance: 864,756 HSBC Current Liabilities: Deposits by banks 48,786 Customer accounts 268,269 Items in the course of transmission to other banks 1,975 Trading liabilities 117,454 Financial liabilities designated at fair value 15,659 Derivatives 61,539 Debt securities in issue 50,921 Other liabilities 6,843 Current tax liabilities 467 Accruals and deferred income 6,509 Provisions 427 Deferred tax liabilities 302 Subordinated liabilities 5,205 Long Term Liabilities: Retirement benefit liabilities 674 Liabilities under insurance contracts issued 12,251 Leasing: The groups freehold and long leasehold properties were valued in 2007. The value of these properties was 284 million in excess of their carrying amount in the consolidated balance sheet. When the group is a lessor under finance leases the amounts due under the leases, after deduction of unearned charges, are included in Loans and advances to banks or Loans and advances to customers as appropriate. When the group is a lessee under finance leases the leased assets are capitalized and included in Property, plant and equipment and the corresponding liability to the lessor is included in Other liabilities. * Large Leasehold Land Buildings: 45 m * Short Leasehold Land Buildings: 357 m * Equipment on Operating Leases: 3005 m BANK AL HABIB Cash Flow from Operating Activities Profit before taxation 3,052,227 Dividend income (31,321) 3020906 Adjustments for: Depreciation 338,707 Amortisation 52,587 Provision against non-performing loans and advances 92,687 Provision for diminution in the value of investment 579 Gain on disposal of operating fixed assets (20,453) Financial charges on leased assets 85,613 Charge for compensated absences 54,102 603822 3624728 Decrease / (Increase) in Operating Assets: Lendings to financial institutions 2,466,371 Advances (8,521,106) Other assets (excluding advance taxation) (333,771) (6,388,506) Increase / (Decrease) in Operating Liabilities Bills Payable 1003869 Borrowings (962,029) Deposits 23,398,892 Other Liabilities 759,485 24,200,217 21,436,439 Income tax paid (1,369,870) Net cash flows from operating activities 20,066,569 Cash Flow from Investing Activities Net investments (14,290,756) Dividend received 31,919 Investments in operating fixed assets (2,014,156) Sale proceeds of property and equipment disposed-off 28,404 Net cash flows from investing activities (16,244,589) Cash Flow from Financing Activities Sub-ordinated loans 760,160 Payments of lease obligations (404,847) Dividend paid (388,505) Exchange differences on translation of net investment in foreign branch 3,121 Net cash flows from financing activities (30,071) Increase in cash and cash equivalents 3,791,909 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 10,579,333 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 14,371,242 Cash Payments for operating Expenses: Decrease / (Increase) in Operating Assets: Lendings to financial institutions 2,466,371 Advances (8,521,106) Other assets (excluding advance taxation) (333,771) (6,388,506) Increase / (Decrease) in Operating Liabilities Bills Payable 1003869 Borrowings (962,029) Deposits 23,398,892 Other Liabilities 759,485 24,200,217 Relationship between Statement of Cash flows Balance sheet: On balance sheet: Cash and balances with treasury banks 13,766,500 Balances with other banks 604,742 Total 14,371,242 On Statement of Cash flows; Increase in cash and cash equivalents 3,791,909 Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 10,579,333 Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 14,371,242 ICICI Cash flow from operating activities Net profit before taxes 50,560,977 Adjustments for: Depreciation and amortization 7,711,011 Net (appreciation) / depreciation on investments 10,279,608 Provision in respect of non-performing assets (including prudential provision on standard assets) 27,009,924 Provision for contingencies others 1,413,354 Income from subsidiaries, joint ventures and consolidated entities (12,783,599) (Profit) / Loss on sale of fixed assets (656,069) 83,535,206 Adjustments for: (Increase) / decrease in investments (25,015,908) (Increase) / decrease in advances (320,850,355) Increase / (decrease) in borrowings 43,122,293 Increase / (decrease) in deposits 126,079,339 (Increase) / decrease in other assets (27,149,533) Increase / (decrease) in other liabilities and provisions 22,330,716 (181,483,448) Refund / (payment) of direct taxes (18,363,292) Net cash generated from operating activities (116,311,534) Cash flow from investing activities Investments in subsidiaries and/or joint ventures (44,379,917) Income from subsidiaries, joint ventures and consolidated entities 12,783,799 Purchase of fixed assets (9,592,487) Proceeds from sale of fixed assets 1,064,035 (Purchase) / sale of held to maturity securities (135,486,579) Net cash generated from investing activities (175,611,149) Cash flow from financing activities Proceeds from issue of share capital (including ESOPs) net of issue expenses 197,897,060 Net proceeds / (repayment) of bonds (including subordinated debt) 112,316,167 Dividend and dividend tax paid (10,565,000) Net cash generated from financing activities 299,648,227 Effect of exchange fluctuation on translation reserve (890,065) Net cash and cash equivalents taken over from Sangli Bank Limited on amalgamation 2,362,563 Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 9,198,042 Cash and cash equivalents as at April 1 371,213,247 Cash and cash equivalents as at March 31 380,411,289 Relationship between Statement of Cash flows Balance sheet: On balance sheet: Cash and balances with Reserve Bank of India 293,775,337 Balances with other banks 86,635,952 Total 380,411,289 On Statement of Cash Flow: Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 9,198,042 Cash and cash equivalents as at April 1 371,213,247 Cash and cash equivalents as at March 31 380,411,289 Bank of America Operating activities Net income $ 14,982 Reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Provision for credit losses 8,385 (Gains) losses on sales of debt securities (180) Depreciation and premises improvements amortization 1,168 Amortization of intangibles 1,676 Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (753) Net increase in trading and derivative instruments (8,108) Net increase in other assets (15,855) Net increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities 4,190 Other operating activities, net 5,531 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 11,036 Investing activities Net (increase) decrease in time deposits placed and other short-term investments 2,191 Net (increase) decrease in federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell 6,294 Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale debt securities 28,107 Proceeds from paydowns and maturities of available-for-sale debt securities 19,233 Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities (28,016) Proceeds from maturities of held-to-maturity debt securities 630 Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities (314) Proceeds from sales of loans and leases 57,875 Other changes in loans and leases, net (177,665) Net purchases of premises and equipment (2,143) Proceeds from sales of foreclosed properties 104 (Acquisition) divestiture of business activities, net (19,816) Other investing activities, net 5,040 Net cash used in investing activities (108,480) Financing activities Net increase in deposits 45,368 Net increase (decrease) in federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (1,448) Net increase in commercial paper and other short-term borrowings 32,840 Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 67,370 Retirement of long-term debt (28,942) Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock 1,558 Redemption of preferred stock (270) Proceeds from issuance of common stock 1,118 Common stock repurchased (3,790) Cash dividends paid (10,878) Excess tax benefits of share-based payments 254 Other financing activities, net (38) Net cash provided by financing activities 103,412 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 134 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 6,102 Cash and cash equivalents at January 1 36,429 Cash and cash equivalents at December 31 42,531 Relationship between Statement of Cash flows Balance sheet: On balance sheet: Cash Cash Equivalents 42531 On Statement of Cash Flows: Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 6,102 Cash and cash equivalents at January 1 36,429 Cash and cash equivalents at December 31 42,531 HSBC Cash flows from operating activities Profit before tax 4,081 Adjustments for: non-cash items included in profit before tax 2,023 change in operating assets (56,617) change in operating liabilities 83,551 elimination of exchange differences (1,792) net gain from investing activities (552) share of (profits)/ losses in associates and joint ventures (47) distributions from/ (to) associates 7 contributions paid for defined benefit pension schemes 548 tax paid (872) Net cash from operating activities 30,330 Cash flows used in investing activities Purchase of financial investments (71,980) Proceeds from the sale of financial investments 43,217 Purchase of property, plant and equipment (578) Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment 67 Purchase of goodwill and intangible assets (123) Net cash outflow from acquisition of and increase in stake of subsidiaries 9 Net cash outflow from acquisition of and increase in stake of associates (118) Proceeds from disposal of associates 982 Purchases of HSBC Holdings plc shares to satisfy share based payment transactions 182 Net cash used in investing activities (28,342) Cash flows used in financing activities Issue of share capital 1,510 Subordinated loan capital issued 59 Subordinated loan capital repaid 10 Dividends paid to shareholders (1,706) Dividends paid to minority interests (7) Net cash used in financing activities (134) Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 1,854 Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 46,721 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 2,660 Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 51,235 Relationship between Statement of Cash flows Balance sheet: On balance sheet: Cash and balances at central banks 7,146 Items in the course of collection from other banks 2,434 Loans and advances to banks of one month or less 37,751 Treasury bills, other bills and certificates of deposit less than three months 5,879 Less: items in the course of transmission to other banks (1,975) Total cash and cash equivalents 51,235 On Statement of Cash Flows: Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 1,854 Cash and cash equivalents at 1 January 46,721 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 2,660 Cash and cash equivalents at 31 December 51,235 Annexure * https://www.bankalhabib.com/financialReport.php * https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/71/71595/reports/2007_AR/index.html * https://www.hsbc.co.uk/1/2/about/financial-reports;jsessionid=0000FBt0LmZBzwcy4AXTKWr0BPP:12ntf1ep0 * https://www.icicibank.com/pfsuser/aboutus/investorelations/annualreport/icicibank/annualreport.htm * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_AL_Habib * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICICI * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_america * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC * https://www.bankofamerica.com/index.jsp